The Rise of Nationalism in Europe – important questions for Boards 2027

CBSE Class 10 Social Science

1. MCQ · 1 mark

   How did the activities of Jacobin clubs in European cities contribute to the spread of nationalism? (A) They prepared the way for the French armies by campaigning for revolutionary ideas. (B) They restored the authority of Europe’s hereditary monarchs. (C) They established customs barriers between European states. (D) They ended the French Revolution and its influence.

   Answer

   (A) They prepared the way for the French armies by campaigning for revolutionary ideas. — Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s.

2. SA · 2 marks

   What changes did the Zollverein bring to trade among the German states, and how did the railway network contribute to national unification?

   Answer

   In 1834, Prussia initiated the Zollverein, joined by most German states. It abolished tariff barriers and reduced currencies from over thirty to two. Railways stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.

3. MA · 3 marks

   Why did equality before the law not amount to universal suffrage in revolutionary France? State who was excluded from political rights and how women and men without property responded to their exclusion.

   Answer

   1. In revolutionary France, equality before the law did not guarantee universal suffrage: only property-owning men could vote or be elected. 2. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights; only briefly under the Jacobins did all adult males enjoy suffrage. 3. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights.

4. LA · 5 marks

   Explain how the French Revolution of 1789 expressed nationalism. In your answer, describe the transfer of sovereignty to French citizens, the measures used to create a collective national identity, and the revolutionaries’ stated mission in Europe.

   Answer

   The French Revolution of 1789 gave the first clear expression of nationalism. 1. Political and constitutional changes transferred sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that the people would constitute the nation and shape its destiny. 2. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) promoted a united community with equal rights under a constitution. Revolutionaries adopted the tricolour, renamed the Estates General as the National Assembly, and composed hymns, took oaths and commemorated martyrs in the name of the nation. A centralised administrative system introduced uniform laws, abolished internal customs duties and adopted uniform weights and measures. French became the common language, while regional dialects were discouraged. 3. Revolutionaries declared that France’s mission was to liberate Europe’s peoples from despotism and help them become nations. The Revolution thus linked popular sovereignty, shared identity and national liberation.

5. MCQ · 1 mark

   Which factor helped turn local populations against French rule in conquered territories? (A) Increased taxation, censorship and forced conscription (B) The introduction of common national currencies (C) The removal of guild restrictions (D) The abolition of feudal dues

   Answer

   (A) Increased taxation, censorship and forced conscription — these seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.

6. SA · 2 marks

   How did Bismarck use Prussian resources to achieve German unification?

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7. LA · 5 marks

   Explain how the Napoleonic Code and other reforms affected territories under French control. Include their effects on legal equality and property, feudal practices and administration, and the movement of goods and capital.

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8. MCQ · 1 mark

   What did economic liberalism support in nineteenth-century Europe? (A) Freedom of markets and fewer state restrictions on the movement of goods and capital (B) More customs barriers and restrictions on trade (C) State control of all private property (D) The restriction of movement between regions

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9. SA · 2 marks

   What does the textbook say about the state of the Italian language before unification?

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10. LA · 5 marks

    Explain what liberalism meant for the new middle classes in nineteenth-century Europe. Include individual freedom, equality before the law, government by consent, representative government and the defence of private property.

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